Recent DNA analysis has unveiled crucial details about the Franklin Arctic expedition, identifying remains of an officer among the crew who resorted to cannibalism.
This study provides new insights into the tragic final days of the expedition, offering a deeper understanding of the harrowing challenges faced by the crew.
DNA Analysis and Identification
Archaeologists have successfully identified the cannibalised remains of a senior officer from the ill-fated 19th-century Arctic expedition led by Sir John Franklin. DNA analysis was pivotal in this discovery, revealing the bones belonged to James Fitzjames, captain of the HMS Erebus. This identification was made possible by comparing DNA from the skeletal remains with samples from a living relative.
The Tragic Expedition
The HMS Erebus and its sister ship, HMS Terror, embarked on a voyage under Franklin to explore uncharted areas of the Northwest Passage. Unfortunately, in April 1848, the expedition ended in tragedy when the ships were icebound and the surviving crew abandoned them following the deaths of Franklin and 23 other men. Fitzjames led the remaining survivors in a desperate overland retreat, ultimately resulting in the loss of all lives.
Previous accounts from Inuit people and subsequent research over time have indicated that the crew resorted to cannibalism during their final days, a revelation now supported by cut marks found on the bones.
Research Findings and Historical Insights
The remains, including Fitzjames’, were initially discovered in the early 1990s on King William Island and were returned to the site after analysis.
In 2013, researchers revisited the island, extracting samples primarily from the teeth to ensure DNA preservation. The realisation of Fitzjames’ identity from the remains marked a significant milestone, providing closure to many families linked to this historical tragedy.
The identification of Fitzjames as the first high-ranking officer known to be cannibalised reflects the severe desperation faced by the expedition members. The collective British and Canadian consciousness has long been captivated by the horrors of this expedition, now given a more personal dimension.
Familial Connections and Genetic Evidence
In early 2024, researchers established contact with Nigel Gambier, identified as a direct descendant of Fitzjames, to provide a DNA sample for comparison. The connection was confirmed when Gambier’s Y chromosome matched the archaeological DNA profiles of Fitzjames.
Gambier expressed a personal intrigue and historical interest, having been aware of his illustrious ancestor’s role. The historical documents, including handwritten notes by Fitzjames, add a poignant clarity to the expedition’s doomed journey, tracing the setbacks and the losses.
Continued Exploration and Discoveries
Further research aims to explore the identities of other crew members using descendant DNA, which could unveil more about the fate of Franklin’s expedition. Additional analysis might determine whether the remains found belonged to younger or older members, offering nuanced details about the expedition’s final days.
The wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror were discovered in 2014 and 2016, respectively, by Canada’s national parks service and Inuit communities. Future explorations of these sites could yield further insights, gradually piecing together the intricate past of this tragic mission.
The enduring mystery of Franklin’s lost expedition continues to fascinate both historians and the public, as more revelations surface through modern scientific advancements.
Implications and Historical Resonance
The expedition’s failure, marked by cannibalism, underscores the extreme survival situation faced by individuals in polar regions. The identification of remains like those of Fitzjames highlights the brutal reality of the expedition’s end days.
These findings fuel academic and public interest, challenging previous notions of historical navigation and survival challenges. Ongoing studies aim to bring closure to the expedition’s untold stories, providing new historical perspectives.
The revelation of James Fitzjames’ identity adds a personal dimension to the Franklin expedition narrative, emphasising the desperation and extreme conditions encountered.
As science progresses, further discoveries may illuminate more aspects of this historic expedition, maintaining a compelling interest for historians and the public alike.
